A Primer of Religious Knowledge

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A Primer of Religious Knowledge

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A Primer of Religious Knowledge (D i niy a t k a Pehl a Ris a lah) Hadrat Maul a n a Hakeem Noor-ud-Deen may Allah be pleased with him

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ISLAM INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATIONS LTD A Primer of Religious Knowledge ( D i niy a t k a Pehl a Ris a lah ) Written by Hadrat Maul a n a Hakeem N oo r-ud-D ee n ra First Successor of the Promised Messiah as First published in Urdu in Qadian, India, 1906 First English translation published in the UK, 2023 Published by Islam International Publications Ltd.Unit 3, Bourne Mill Business Park, Guildford Road, Farnham, Surrey, UK GU9 9PS Printed at Raqeem Press Farnham, Surrey, UK © Islam International Publications Ltd.All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechani- cal, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without prior written permission from the Publisher.For further information please visit www.alislam.org Cover design: Absar Butt ISBN: 978-1-84880-965-9 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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Contents About the Author.......................................................xi Foreword....................................................................xv A Primer of Religious Knowledge S al a t..............................................................................1 Takb i r Ta h r i mah—Sacred Proclamation...................1 Than a— Glorification.................................................1 Ta‘awwudh—Seeking Refuge......................................2 Tasmiyah—Pronouncing God’s Name........................2 S u rah al-F a ti h ah — the Opening Chapter...................3 S u rah al-Ikhl as— Chapter 112 of the Holy Quran.....4 Takb i r—Proclaiming God’s Greatness........................4 Tasb ih of Ruk u‘ — Extolling God’s Holiness while Bowing...................................................................5 Tasm i ‘—Extolling the Praise of Allah........................6 Ta h m i d—Praising......................................................6

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A Primer of religious knowledge vi Tasb ih of Sajdah—Extolling God’s Holiness while Prostrating.............................................................7 Takb i r—Proclaiming God’s Greatness........................7 Tashahhud—Bearing Witness....................................8 Dur u d Shar i f— S al a t ‘alan-Nabiyy—Praying for Blessings on the Holy Prophet................................9 Supplications—After Dur u d.....................................10 Sal a m—Salutation...................................................12 Du‘ a ’-ul-Qun u t—Prayer of Invocation....................12 Supplications—After the Far d Rak‘ a t.......................14 Manner of Performing Ablution................................17 Wu du.........................................................................17 Tayammum—Symbolic Ablution.............................17 Adh a n.........................................................................19 Timings of Sal a t..........................................................25 Time of Fajr...............................................................25 Time of Z uhr.............................................................25 Time of ‘A s r................................................................26 Time of Maghrib.......................................................27 Time of ‘Ish a ’.............................................................27 �e Way to Offer S al a t...........................................29 Far a ’i d of Wu d ū—Compulsory Parts of Ablution....31 Sunan of Wu d ū—Excellences of Ablution...............31 Invalidators of Wudū................................................33

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Contents vii Far a ’i d of Bathing—Compulsory Parts of Bathing...34 Sunan of Bathing—Excellences of Bathing...............34 Permissible Conditions for Tayammum....................35 Far a ’id of S al a t—Compulsory Parts of Prayers.........35 Shar a’ i t of S al a t—Prerequisites of Prayers................36 Ark a n of S al a t—Components of Prayers...................36 Shar a’ i t of S al a t—Prerequisites of Prayers................37 Ark a n of S al a t—Components of Prayers...................38 W a jib a t of S al a t—Essentials of Prayers....................39 Sunan of S al a t—Excellences of Prayers.....................41 Invalidators of S al a t..................................................43 Makruh a t during S al a t—Undesirable Acts During Prayers.................................................................43 Essentials of Faith.......................................................45 Essentials of Religion..................................................47 Major Sins...................................................................51 Appendix.....................................................................55 S u rah al-‘A s r..............................................................53 S u rah Quraish...........................................................54 S u rah al-Ma‘ u n.........................................................55

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viii S u rah al-Kauthar......................................................56 S u rah al-K a fir u n.......................................................57 S u rah an-Na s r...........................................................58 S u rah al-Ikhl as..........................................................59 S u rah al-Falaq...........................................................60 S u rah an-N a s............................................................61 S u rah al-Baqarah, Verses 1–6...................................62 Publisher’s Note.........................................................65 Glossary.....................................................................69

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Hadrat Maul a n a Hakeem Noor-ud-Deen ra First Successor of the Promised Messiah as

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About the Author Hadrat al- Ha j Maul a n a Ha fi z Hakeem Noor-ud-Deen (1841–1914), may Allah be pleased with him, was the first Khalifah of the Promised Messiah— Hadrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad as.He was elected to this blessed office unanimously by the Community on 27 May 1908, shortly after the demise of the Promised Messiah as.Hadrat Maul a n a Hakeem Noor-ud-Deen ra was born in Bhera, India, and was the 34th direct male descendant of Hadrat Umar ibn al-Khattab ra, the second Khalifah of the Holy Prophet Muhammad s as.He started studying the Holy Quran at an early age and travelled far and wide in pursuit of knowledge, including Makkah and Madinah.He mastered Arabic and Hebrew, Islamic jurisprudence and philosophy, commentaries on the Holy Quran, and Persian poetry.In addition to his international renown as an Islamic scholar, he was an accomplished physician serving as the Royal Physician of the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir.Like so many renowned scholars of the time, he immedi- ately recognised and accepted the Promised Messiah as, who wrote the following about him: Ever since I have been commissioned by Allah the Exalted and have been revived by the Ever-Living,

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xii the Self-Subsisting One, I have been eager to meet dis- tinguished helpers of the Faith, with an eagerness greater than that of a thirsty one seeking water.I supplicated day and night: ‘Lord, I am alone and helpless—who will be my helper and my assistant?’ When my hands rose repeat- edly in supplication, and the atmosphere became charged with my prayer, Allah the Exalted hearkened my entreaty and the mercy of the Lord of the worlds was roused on my behalf and He bestowed upon me a sincere and faithful friend who is the very eye of my helpers and is the essence of those who are my faithful friends in the cause of the Faith.His name—like his shining qualities—is Noor- ud-Deen [Light of the Faith].( A ’ i na-e-Kam a l a t-e-Isl a m , R uha ni Khaz a ’in, vol.5, p.581–582) His profound insights of the Holy Quran have been compiled into a collection entitled H aq a’ iq-ul-Furq a n.His countless services in the cause of Islam Ahmadiyyat include overseeing the compilation of the English translation of the Holy Quran, establishing the Community’s first foreign mission in the United Kingdom, and authoring numerous publications.A significant aspect of his life was his endless dedication to educating the youth.This was accomplished throughout his life, often at his own expense.The fruit of these efforts culminated in some of the most towering scholarly figures in the history of Ahmadiyyat, including: Hadrat Mirza Bashir-ud-Din Mahmud Ahmad, Khalifatul Masih II ra; Hadrat Mirza Bashir Ahmad ra; Ha d rat Mirza Sharif Ahmad ra; Hadrat Mir Muhammad

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About the Author xiii Ishaq AP ; Hadrat Ha fi z Roshan Ali ra; and Hadrat Sufi Ghulam Muhammad ra.The Promised Messiah as cherished his outstanding character and commitment, an expression of which is seen in the following Persian couplet: وبدے ن ی� � ک زِاتم ونر د ی ہچ وخش وبدے ارگ رہ � وبدے ن ی� �یق� ِ وبدے ارگ رہ دل رُپ از ونر ن ی� م� ہ � How excellent would it be if everyone of the Community were a Noor-ud-Deen— So would it be if every heart were filled with the light of the certainty of faith! Hadrat Khalifatul Masih I ra passed away in 1914 and was succeeded by Hadrat Mirza Bashir-ud-Din Mahmud Ahmad, Khalifatul Masih II ra.

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Foreword is a translation of one of the earliest books written primarily for children and new converts in the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community.Hadrat H ak i mul-Ummah (Sage of the Ummah) Maul a n a Ha fi z al- Ha j N oor -ud-D ee n Khalifatul Masih Ira wrote this book in Urdu, and it was first published in May 1906, during the blessed era of the Promised Messiah, peace be upon him.One of the significant features of the life of Hadrat Hakeem Maulawi N oor -ud-D ee n Khalifatul Masih Ira was his dedication to education—particularly religious educa- tion—of the next generation.Throughout his life, he was committed to teaching and education, often at his own expense, imparting his invaluable insights.He continued this tradition even after becoming Khalifatul Masih.The book lays out the method of calling the Adh a n, and the timings, etiquette, and manners of the five daily Prayers.The author also briefly mentions the articles of faith and

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xvi religion.Ae book concludes with some shorter chapters of the Holy Puran that can be memorised easily for recitation in S al a t.The book was translated by Faizan Mughni and reviewed by Waseem Ahmad Sayed.They were further assisted by Abdul- Quddus Arif, Sabahat Ahmad Cheema, Syed Sajid Ahmad, Bushra Shahid, Nasira Naseem, Naser-ud-Din Shams, Mirza Abdul-Wahab, and others.Valuable contributions were also made by Wak a lat-e-Ta s n i f, Ni za rat-e-Ish a ‘at, and the Research Cell.May Allah the Almighty bless and reward all those who took part in the preparation and publication of this book.A m i n.Al- Ha j Munir-ud-Din Shams Additional Wak i lut-Ta s n i f, London June 2023

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ِ ا هّٰللِّٰ الرَّحۡمٰن ِ الرَّحِیۡمِ ِبِسۡم نَحۡمَدُہ ٗ وَنُصَلِّی ۡ عَلٰی رَسُوۡلِه ِ الۡكَرِیۡم In the name of Allah, the Gracious, the Merciful We praise Him and call down blessings upon His Noble Messenger َّنِا َةوٰلَّصلا ىٰهْنَت ِنَع ِءٓاَشْحَفْلا َو ِرَكْنُمْلا١ؕ َو ُرْكِذَل ِهّٰللا ُرَبْكَاِمِقَا َةوٰلَّصلا ِكْوُلُدِل ِسْمَّشلا ىٰلِا ِقَسَغ ِلْيَّلا َو َنٰاْرُق ِرْجَفْلا١ؕ َّنِا َنٰاْرُق ِرْجَفْلا َناَك اًدْوُهْشَم۰۰ Observe Prayer at the declining and paling of the sun on to the darkness of the night, and the recitation of the Quran in Prayer at dawn.Verily, the recitation of the Quran at dawn is specially acceptable to God.( S u rah Ban i Isr a ’ i l, 17:79) Surely, Prayer restrains one from indecency and mani- fest evil, and remembrance of Allah indeed is the greatest virtue.( S u rah al-‘Ankab u t, 29:46) Profound writing of Hadrat H ak i mul-Ummah Maul a n a Maulaw i Ha fiz al- Ha j Noor-ud-Deen, Khalifatul Masih I ra

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ْمِ.نَحۡمَدُہ ٗ وَنُصَلِّی عَلٰی رَسُوۡلِہ ِ الکَرِیۡم ِ وَاٰلِہ ٖ مَع َ التَّسۡلِیۡمِ ی ِ ا هّٰللِّٰ الرَّحْمٰن ِ الرَّحِ بِسْم In the name of Allah, the Gracious, the Merciful.We praise Him and call down peace and blessings upon His Noble Messenger and his people.

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S alāt Takb i r Ta h r i mah [Sacred Proclamation] َہّٰللُّٰ ا َ کۡبَرُ.ا All a hu Akbar — Allah is the Greatest.Than a 1 [Glorification] 1.The recitation of the following supplication is also established from Authentic A ha d i th: ِ َمَـا بَاعَـدْت َ بَيْـن َ الْمَشْـرِق ک َ ُ اَللّٰهُـم َّ بَاعِـد ْ بَيْنِـي ْ وَبَيْـن َ خَطَايَـاي َ بْيَـض أْلْأ ُ ا َمَـا يُنَقَّـى الثَّـوْب ک َ ِوَالْمَغْـرِب ِ اَللّٰهُـم َّ نَقِّنِـي ْ مِـن ْ خَطَايَـاي مِـن َ الدَّنَـس ِ اَللّٰهُـم َّ اغْسِـلْنِي ْ مِـن ْ خَطَايَـاي َ بِالْمَـآء ِ وَالثَّلْـج ِ وَالْبَـرَد All a humma b a ‘id bain i wa baina kha t a y a ya kam a b a ‘adta bain-al-mashriqi wal-maghribi, All a humma naqqin i min kha t a y a ya kam a yunaqq-ath-thaub-ul-ab- ya d u min-ad-danasi, All a hummaghsiln i min kha t a y a ya bil-m a ’i wath-thalji wal-barad.O Allah, distance my sins from me as You have dis- tanced the East from the West.O Allah, purify me of my sins as a white garment is purified from filth.O Allah! Cleanse me of my sins with water, snow and ice.( Musnad, al-Im a m Ab i Ya‘l a bin al-Mau s iliyy, by Abi Ya‘la Ahmad bin Ali bin al-Muthanna al-Mausiliyy, vol.4, p.507, hadith 6100, published by D a rut-T asi l, 2017) Subsequent supplication in the main text is a narration from Hadrat Umar, may Allah be pleased with him (who was among the fore- most and earliest of the migrant Companions ra)..

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A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE 2 A P r i m e o P f P lg u sk n َو ۤاَل َ سُبۡحٰنَك َ اللّٰھُم َّ وَبِحَمۡدِك َ وَتَبَارَك َ اسْمُك َ وَتَعَالٰی جَدُّك Sub ha naka All a humma wa bi h amdika wa tab a rakasmuka wa ta‘ a l a jadduka wa l a il a ha ghairuk — Holy are You, O Allah, and all praise is Yours; blessed is Your name, and exalted is Your state.There is none wor- thy of worship except You alone.Ta‘awwudh [Seeking Refuge] ِا ہّٰللِّٰ مِن َ الشَّیۡطٰن ِ الرَّجِیۡمِ.اَعُوۡذ ُ ب A‘udhu bill a hi minash-shai ta nir-raj i m — I seek refuge with Allah from Satan, the accursed.Tasmiyah [Pronouncing God’s Name] ِ ِ ا ہّٰللِّٰ الرَّحۡمٰن ِ الرَّحِیۡم بِسۡم Bismill a hir-Ra h m a nir-Ra hi m— In the name of Allah, the Gracious, the Merciful.

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M AU L M AU L A A N N A A H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N R A R A 3 S u rah al-F a ti h ah [The Opening Chapter] ِ ِ ا هّٰللِّٰ الرَّحْمٰن ِ الرَّحِيْم بِسْم َكاَّيِا ُدُبْعَن َو َكاَّيِا َطاَرِص َنْيِذَّلا َتْمَعْنَا ْمِهْيَلَع١ۙ ِرْيَغ ِبْوُضْغَمْلا ْمِهْيَلَع َو اَل ُدْمَحْلَا ِهّٰلِل ِّبَر َنْيِمَلٰعْلا۰۰ۙ ِنٰمْحَّرلا ِمْيِحَّرلا۰۰ۙ ِكِلٰم ِمْوَي ِنْيِّدلا۰۰ؕ ُنْيِعَتْسَن۰۰ؕ اَنِدْهِا َطاَرِّصلا َمْيِقَتْسُمْلا۰۰ۙ ۡنَ) ي اٰمِ َنْيِّلٓاَّضلا۰۰ ( Al- H amdu lill a hi Rabb-il-‘ a lam i n.Ar-Ra h m a nir-Ra hi m.M a liki yaum-id-d i n.Iyy a ka na‘budu wa iyy a ka nasta‘ i n.Ihdina s-s ir at -al-mustaq i m.S ir at alladh i na an‘amta ‘alai- him, ghairil-magh du bi ‘alaihim wa la d-da ll i n.( A m i n) In the name of Allah, the Gracious, the Merciful.All praise belongs to Allah, Lord of all the worlds, The Gracious, the Merciful, Master of the Day of Judgment.You alone do we worship and You alone do we implore for help.Guide us in the right path—The path of those on whom You have bestowed Your blessings, those who have not incurred Your displeasure, and those who have not gone astray.A m i n.

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A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE 4 S u rah al-Ikhl as [Chapter 112 of the Holy Quran] َو ْمَل ِمْسِب ِهّٰللا ِنٰمْحَّرلا ِمْيِحَّرلا۰۰ ْلُق َوُه ُهّٰللا ٌدَحَا۰۰ُۚهّٰللَا ُدَمَّصلا۰۰ۚ ْمَل ْدِلَي١ۙ۬ َو ْمَل ْدَلْوُي۰۰ۙ ْنُكَي ٗهَّل اًوُفُك ٌدَحَا۰۰ Bismill a hir-Ra h m a nir-Ra hi m.Qul huwall a hu A h ad.All a h-u s-S amad.Lam yalid, wa lam y u lad.Wa lam yakul- lah u kufuwan a h ad— In the name of Allah, the Gracious, the Merciful.Say, ‘He is Allah, the One; Allah, the Independent and Besought of all.He begets not, nor is He begotten; And there is none like unto Him.’ Takb i r [Proclaiming God’s Greatness] َہّٰللُّٰ اَکۡبَرُ.ا All a hu Akbar — Allah is the Greatest.

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M AU L M AU L A A N N A A H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N R A R A 5 Tasb ih of Ruk u‘ [Extolling God’s Holiness while Bowing ] سُبۡحَان َ رَبِّی َ الۡعَظِیۡم.Sub ha na Rabbiyal-‘A zi m — Holy is my Lord, the Most Great.Or اللّٰھُم َّ رَبَّنَا وَبِحَمۡدِك َ اَللّٰھُم َّ اغۡفِرۡلِیۡ.1 َ سُبۡحٰنَك Sub ha nak-All a humma Rabban a wa bi h amdika All a hummaghfirl i — Holy are You, O Allah, our Lord and all praise is Yours; O Allah, forgive me.1.After the revelation of S u rah an-Na s r [Chapter 110 of the Holy Quran] the Holy Prophet s as used to recite this second Tasb ih.

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A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE 6 Tasm i ‘ [Extolling the Praise of Allah] ٗ َ ا ہّٰللُّٰ لِمَن ْ حَمِدَہ سَمِع Sami-‘All a hu liman h amidah — Allah hears him who praises Him.Ta h m i d [Praising ] 1 ُ رَبَّنَا لَك َ الْحَمْد Rabban a lakal- h amd — Our Lord, Yours is the praise.Or ُ رَبَّنَا وَلَك َ الْحَمْد Rabban a wa lakal- h amd — Our Lord, and Yours is the praise.1.Reciting the following [expression] after this is also proven from the Authentic A ha d i th: ِ حَمْدًا كَثِيْرًا طَيِّبًا مُبَارَكًا فِيْه [ H amdan kath i ran t ayyiban mub a rakan f i h— Praise that is abundant, pure, and full of blessings.] [ See S ahih al-Bukh a r i , Kit a bul-Adh a n, B a bu Fadhli Allahumma Rabban a Laka al- H amd Hadith 799]

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M AU L M AU L A A N N A A H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N R A R A 7 Tasb ih of Sajdah 1 [Extolling God’s Holiness while Prostrating ] َ ااۡلَۡعۡلٰی.سُبۡحَان َ رَبِّی Sub ha na Rabbiyal-A‘l a — Holy is my Lord, the Most Exalted.Or سُبۡحَانَك َ اللّٰھُم َّ رَبَّنَا و َ بِحَمۡدِك َ اَللّٰھُم َّ اغۡفِرۡلِیۡ.Sub ha nak-All a humma Rabban a wa bi h amdika All a hummaghfirl i — Holy are You, O Allah, our Lord and all praise is Yours; O Allah, forgive me.Takb i r [Proclaiming God’s Greatness] َہّٰللُّٰ اَکۡبَرُ.ا All a hu Akbar — Allah is the Greatest.1.Before going to sajdah, there is a takb i r : All a hu Akbar —Allah is the Greatest.[Publisher]

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A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE 8 Tashahhud [Bearing Witness] َ ُ ا ہّٰللِّٰ و ِِّٰ وَالصَّلَوَات ُ وَالطَّیِّبَات ُ اَلس َّاَلَم ُ عَلَیۡك َ اَیُّھَا النَّبِی ُّ وَرَحۡمَۃ ہّٰلل ُ ہّٰللُّٰ اَلتَّحِیَّات ِاَّلَّ ا ۡ اَّلَّٓ اِلٰـہ َ ا ِ ا ہّٰللِّٰ الصَّالِحِیۡنَ.اَشۡھَد ُ اَن بَرَکَاتُہ ٗ اَلس َّاَلَم ُ عَلَیۡنَا و َ عَلٰی عِبَاد 1 و َ اَشۡھَد ُ اَن َّ مُحَمَّدًا عَبۡدُہ ٗ و َ رَسُوۡلُـہٗ.At-ta h iyy a tu lill a hi, wa s - S alaw a tu wa t - t ayyib a tu as-sal- a mu ‘alaika ayyuhan-Nabiyyu wa ra h mat-ull a hi wa bar- ak a tuh u ; as-sal a mu ‘alain a wa ‘al a ‘ib a dill a hi s-sa li hi n; ash- hadu all a il a ha illAll a hu wa ash-hadu anna Mu h ammadan ‘abduh u wa Ras u luh.All salutations are due to Allah and all Prayers and all things pure.Peace be upon you, O Prophet, and the mercy of Allah and His Blessings; and peace be upon us and on all righteous servants of Allah.I bear witness that there is none worthy of worship except Allah, and I bear witness that Muhammad is His servant and Messenger.1.After this, by standing up and saying All a hu Akbar the second rak‘at should be offered in the same way.Then, when one reaches this same point, one should recite the prayers set out next in order to complete the S al a t.In the third and fourth rak‘at, only S u rah al-F a ti h ah is recited before Ruk u‘.

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M AU L M AU L A A N N A A H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N R A R A 9 Dur u d Shar i f [ S al a t ‘alan-Nabiyy] [Praying for Blessings on the Holy Prophet] ٍ اَللّٰھُم َّ صَل ِّ عَلٰى مُحَمَّد ٍ وَعَلٰۤى اٰل ِ مُحَمَّد ٍ کَمَا صَلَّیۡت َ عَلٰۤى اِبۡرَاھِیۡم َ وَعَلٰۤى اٰل ِ اِبۡرَاھِیۡم َ اِنَّك َ حَمِیۡد ٌ مَّجِیۡدٌ.اَللّٰھُم َّ بَارِك ۡ عَلٰى مُحَمَّد ٍ وَعَلٰۤى اٰل ِ مُحَمَّد اٰل ِ اِبۡرَاھِیۡم َ اِنَّك َ حَمِیۡد ٌ مَّجِیۡدٌ.َ وَعَلٰۤى کَمَا بَارَکۡت َ عَلٰۤى اِبۡرَاھِیۡم All a humma s alli ‘al a Mu h ammadin wa ‘al a a li Mu h ammadin, kam a s allaita ‘al a Ibr a h i ma wa ‘al a a li Ibr a h i ma innaka H am i dum-Maj i d.All a humma b a rik ‘al a Mu h ammadin wa ‘al a a li Mu h ammadin, kam a b a rakta ‘al a Ibr a h i ma, wa ‘al a a li Ibr a h i ma innaka H am i dum-Maj i d.O Allah, bless Muhammad and the people of Muhammad, as You did bless Abraham and the peo- ple of Abraham.You are indeed the Praiseworthy, the Glorious.O Allah, prosper Muhammad and the people of Muhammad, as You did prosper Abraham and the people of Abraham.You are indeed the Praiseworthy, the Glorious.

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A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE 10 Supplications [After Dur u d] First— ِ رَبَّنَا ٓ اٰتِنَا فِی الدُّنۡیَا حَسَنَة ً و َّ ف ِی ااۡلٰۡخِرَۃ ِ حَسَنَۃ ً وَّقِنَا عَذَاب َ النَّار Rabban a a tin a fid-duny a h asanatan wa fil- a khirati h asan- atan wa qin a ‘adh a b-an-n a r.Our Lord, grant us good in this world as well as good in the world to come, and protect us from the torment of the Fire.Second— ۡ ءِ.رَبَّنَا اغۡفِرۡلِی ٓ رَب ِّ اجۡعَلۡنِی ۡ مُقِیۡم َ الصَّلٰوۃ ِ وَمِن ۡ ذُرِّیَّتِی ۡ رَبَّنَا وَتَقَبَّل ۡ دُعَا وَلِوَالِدَی َّ وَلِلۡمُؤۡمِنِیۡن َ یَوۡم َ یَقُوۡم ُ الۡحِسَابُ.Rabbij‘aln i muq i ma s-S al a ti wa min dhurriyyat i.Rabban a wa taqabbal du‘ a ’.Rabbanaghfirl i wa liw a lidayya wa lil- mu’min i na yauma yaq u m-ul- h is a b.My Lord, make me observe Prayer, and my children too.Our Lord! bestow Your grace on me and accept my prayer.Our Lord, grant forgiveness to me and to my par- ents and to the believers on the day when the reckoning will take place.

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M AU L M AU L A A N N A A H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N R A R A 11 Aird— ِ اَللّٰھُم َّ اِنِّی ۡ اَعُوۡذ ُ بِك َ مِن َ الۡھَم ِّ وَالۡحَزَن ِ و َ اَعُوۡذ ُ بِك َ مِن َ الۡعَجۡز ِ وَاۡلكَسَل وَاَعُوۡذ ُ بِك َ مِن َ الۡجُبۡن ِ وَالۡبُخۡل ِ وَاَعُوۡذ ُ بِك َ مِن ۡ ضَلَع ِ الدَّیۡن ِ و َ قَھۡر ِ الرِّجَالِ.1 اَللّٰھُم َّ اکۡفِنِی ۡ بِح َاَلَلِك َ عَن ۡ حَرَامِك َ وَاَغنِنِی ۡ بِفَضۡلِك َ عَمَّن ۡ سِوَاكَ.All a humma inn i a‘ u dhu bika min-al-hammi wal- h azani, wa a‘ u dhu bika minal-‘ajzi wal-kasali, wa a‘ u dhu bika min D ala‘id-daini wa Qahrir-Rij a l.All a humm-akfin i bi h al a- lika ‘an h ar a mika, wa aghnin i bi-fa d lika ‘amman siw a ka.O Allah, I seek Your protection against problems and anxieties, and I seek Your protection against helplessness and idleness, and I seek Your protection against indebted- ness and the tyranny of people.O Allah! Grant me enough 1.This [following] prayer is also established from a ha d i th: َ ِاَللّٰهُم َّ إِنِّي ْ أَعُوْذ ُ بِك َ مِن ْ عَذَاب ِ الْقَبْر ِ وَأَعُوْذ ُ بِك َ مِن ْ فِتْنَة ِ الْمَسِيْح ِ الدَّجَّال ِ وَأَعُوْذ ُ بِك مِن ْ فِتْنَة ِ الْمَحْيَا وَفِتْنَة ِ الْمَمَات ِ اَللّٰهُم َّ إِنِّي ْ أَعُوْذ ُ بِك َ مِن َ الْمَأْثَم ِ وَالْمَغْرَم All a humma inn i a‘ u dhubika min ‘adh a bil-qabri wa a‘ u dhu bika min fitnat-il-Mas ih- id-Dajj a l, wa a‘ u dhu bika min fit- nat-il-ma h y a wa fitnat-il-mam a t.All a humma inn i a‘ u dhu bika min-al-ma ’ thami wal-maghrami— O Allah, I seek Your protection from the punishment of the grave, and I seek Your protection against the mischief of the Dajj a l [Antichrist], and I seek refuge with You from the afflictions of life and death.O Allah, I seek Your pro- tection from sins and from being in debt.[ See S a hih al-Bukh a r i , Kit a b-ul-Adh a n, B a b-ud-Du‘ a , Qablas-Sal a m, Hadith 832]

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A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE 12 of what You make lawful so that I may dispense with what You make unlawful, and enable me by Your grace to dis- pense with all but You.Sal a m [Salutation] ُ اہّٰللِّٰ.اَلس َّاَلَم ُ عَلَیۡکُم ۡ وَرَحۡمَۃ Assal a mu ‘alaikum wa ra h matull a h.Peace be upon you and the mercy of Allah.Du‘ a ’-ul-Qun u t [Prayer of Invocation] َ ُ اَللّٰھُم َّ اِنَّا نَسۡتَعِیۡنُك َ وَنَسۡتَغۡفِرُك َ وَنُؤۡمِن ُ بِك َ وَنَتَوَكَّل ُ عَلَیۡك َ وَنُثۡنِی ۡ عَلَیۡك الۡخَیۡر َ وَنَشۡکُرُك َ و َاَلَ نَکۡفُرُك َ وَنَخَلَع ُ وَنَتۡرُك ُ مَن ۡ یَّفۡجُرُكَ.اَللّٰھُم َّ اِیَّاك َ نَعۡبُد وَلَك َ نُصَلِّی ۡ وَنَسۡجُد ُ وَاِلَیۡك َ نَسۡعٰی و َ نَحۡفِد ُ و َ نَرۡجُو ۡ رَحۡمَتَك َ وَنَخۡشٰی ُفَّار ِ مُلۡحِقٌ.ک عَذَابَك َ اِن َّ عَذَابَك َ بِالۡ All a humma inn a nasta‘ i nuka wa nastaghfiruka, wa nu‘minu bika wa natawakkalu ‘alaika, wa nuthn i

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M AU L M AU L A A N N A A H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N R A R A 13 ‘alaikal-khair, wa nashkuruka wa l a nakfuruka, wa nakh- la‘u wa natruku man-yafjuruk.All a humma iyy a ka na‘budu wa laka nu s all i wa nasjudu, wa ilaika nas‘ a wa na h fidu, wa narj u ra h mataka, wa nakhsh a ‘adh a baka, Inna ‘adh a baka bil-kuff a ri mul h iq.O Allah, we beseech Your help and ask Your protec- tion and believe in You and trust in You and we praise You in the best manner and we thank You and we are not ungrateful to You, and we cast off and forsake him who disobeys You.O Allah! You alone do we serve and to You alone do we pray and make obeisance and to You we flee, and we are quick and we hope for Your mercy and we fear Your chastisement, for surely Your chastisement overtakes the unbelievers.َ اَللّٰھُم َّ اھۡدِنِی ۡ فِی ۡ مَن ۡ ھَدَیۡت َ وَعَافِنِی ۡ فِی ۡ مَن ۡ عَافَیۡت َ وَتَوَلَّنِی ۡ فِی ۡ مَن ۡ تَوَلَّیۡت َاَلَ یُقۡضٰی وَبَارِك ۡ لِی ۡ فِی ۡ مَا اَعۡطَیۡت َ وَقِنِی ۡ شَر َّ مَا قَضَیۡت َ فَاِنَّك َ تَقۡضِی ۡ و ٗ اَلَ یَعِز ُّ مَن ۡ عَادَیۡت َ تَبَارَكۡت َ رَبَّنَا ٗ اَلَ یَذِل ُّ مَن ۡ وَّالَیۡت َ وَاِنَّہ عَلَیۡك َ و َ اِنَّـہ َّی ا ہّٰللُّٰ عَلَی النَّبِیِّ.وَتَعَالَیۡت َ وَصَل All a hummahdin i f i man hadaita wa ‘ a fin i f i man ‘ a faita wa tawallan i f i man tawallaita wa b a rikl i f i m a a‘ t aita wa qin i sharra m a qa d aita fa innaka taq di wa l a yuq da ‘alaika wa innah u l a yadhillu man w a laita wa innah u l a ya‘izzu man ‘ a daita tab a rakta Rabban a wa ta‘ a laita wa s allAll a hu ‘alan-Nabiyyi.

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A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE 14 O Allah, guide me with those whom You have guided, and safeguard me with those You have safeguarded, and strengthen me with those whom you have given strength.And bless me in what You have given me.And protect me from the evil You have created.Surely, You command and are not commanded, and none who have befriended You can be humiliated, and none who have transgressed against You can be honoured.You are blessed our Lord, and Exalted, and the blessings of Allah be upon the Holy Prophet s as.Supplications—After the Far d Rak‘ a t اَللّٰھُم َّ اَنۡت َ الس َّاَلَم ُ وَمِنۡك َ الس َّاَلَم ُ تَبَارَكۡت َ یَا ذَالۡج َاَلَل ِ و َااۡلِۡكۡرَامِ.All a humma antas-Sal a mu wa minkas-sal a mu, tab a rakta ya Dhal-Jal a li wal-Ikr a m.O Allah! You are (the embodiment of ) Peace.And true peace comes from You.Blessed are You, O Lord of Majesty and Bounty.اَللّٰھُم َّ اَعِنِّی ۡ عَلٰی ذِكۡرِك َ وَشُكۡرِك َ وَحُسۡن ِ عِبَادَتِكَ.All a humma a‘inn i ‘al a dhikrika wa shukrika wa h usni ‘ib a datika.O Allah, help me so that I can properly perform Your

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M AU L M AU L A A N N A A H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N R A R A 15 remembrance and Your thanksgiving, and that I may wor - ship You in the best possible manner.ُ اہّٰللَّٰ.ُ اہّٰللَّٰ.اَسۡتَغۡفِر ُ اہّٰللَّٰ.اَسۡتَغۡفِر اَسۡتَغۡفِر Astaghfirull a ha astaghfirull a ha astaghfirull a ha.I seek forgiveness from Allah.I seek forgiveness from Allah.I seek forgiveness from Allah.

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� anner of � erforming A blution Wu du — When you are about to perform ablution, you should first recite ہّٰللِّٰ ِ ا بِسْم [ Bismill a h —In the name of Allah].Then wash both hands to the wrists.Then pour water into the mouth with your right hand, and cleanse your teeth by swishing water.You should rinse your mouth three times, and by pouring water into the nostrils cleanse the nose thor- oughly.Then wash the face by pouring water on it three times.Then wash the arms up to the elbows three times each, first the right, then the left.Then, using fresh water, pass your hands over the head and ears once.At the very end, wash both feet up to the ankles three times each, the right foot first, followed by the left.Tayammum—Symbolic Ablution— If water is not available, or there is fear of physical or financial distress, then you should perform tayammum instead, after declaring in your heart the intent to do so.This will be in place of both Wu d ū and taking a bath.Its method is as follows: First by

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18 patting both hands on clean dust or on a surface with dust, rub the hands over your face once.Aen the second time by patting hands on dust or on a surface with dust, rub both forearms up to the elbows.P And then, arer Wu d ū or tayammum, recite this: ٗ اَلَ شَرِیۡك َ لَہ ٗ وَاَشۡھَد ُ اَن َّ مُحَمَّدًا عَبۡدُہ ٗ وَرَسُوۡلُہٗ.َّ ا ہّٰللُّٰ وَحۡدَہ اَل ِ َّٓ اِلٰہ َ ا اَل ۡ اَشۡھَد ُ اَن Ashhadu al-l a il a ha illAll a hu wa h dah u l a shar i ka lah u ; wa ashhadu anna Mu h ammadan ‘abduh u wa Ras u luh u.I bear witness that there is no one worthy of worship except Allah.He is One and has no partner.And I bear witness that Muhammad is His servant and His Messenger.In a hadith [ see Jam i ‘ Tirmidh i , Abw a b al-Ta ha rat, Hadith 55], it is reported to also recite the following thereafter.ْنَ.ی ِ اَللّٰهُم َّ اجْعَلْنِي ْ مِن َ التَّوَّابِيْن َ وَاجْعَلْنِي ْ مِن َ الْمُتَطَهِّر All a hummaj‘aln i minattaww a b i na waj‘aln i minal-muta t ahhir i n.O Allah, make me of those who seek forgiveness and make me of those who are cleansed.1.It has been established from authentic a ha d i th [ S a hih Bukh a r i , Kit a b- al-Tayammum, B a b al-Mutayammamu, hal Yanfukhu f i -him a , Hadith 338] that after patting hands once on the ground [and] then doing ma- sa h [passing hands through/over] of the face and both the hands to the wrists is also permissible.

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Adhān At all five times of S al a t, Adh a n [the Call to Prayer] is raised from the mosque.The person raising the Adh a n is called a mu’adhdhin.The mu’adhdhin should face towards the Qiblah and put his index fingers in the ears and call out with a loud voice.ُ َہّٰللُّٰ أَكْبَر َہّٰللُّٰ أَكْبَرُ، ا َہّٰللُّٰ أَكْبَرُ، ا َہّٰللُّٰ أَكْبَرُ، ا ا All a hu Akbar.All a hu Akbar.All a hu Akbar.All a hu Akbar.Allah is the Greatest.Allah is the Greatest.Allah is the Greatest.Allah is the Greatest.1 ِاَّلَّ اہّٰللُّٰ، ْ اَّلَّۤ إِلَه َ إ ِاَّلَّ اہّٰللُّٰ، أَشْھَد ُ أَن ْ اَّلَّۤ اِلٰہ َ إ أَشْھَد ُ أَن Ashhadu all a il a ha illAll a h Ashhadu all a il a ha illAll a h.I bear witness that there is no one worthy of worship except Allah.I bear witness that there is no one wor- thy of worship except Allah.1.It is also proven from authentic a h ad i th ( See Sunan Ibn M a j a h, Kit a b-ul-Adh a n, was-Sunnah f i h i B a b al-Tarj i ‘, f i al-Adh a n, Hadith 709) that both the Shah a dahs may be repeated after reciting once.

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A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE 20 A P r im e o f l e g u s m k n u w d C e t u b d h e n d 1 f Th d h A P r im e o f l e g u s m k n u w d C e t u b d h e n d 1 f Th d h Ashhadu anna Mu h ammad-ar-Ras u lull a h.Ashhadu anna Mu h ammad-ar-Ras u lull a h.I bear witness that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.I bear witness that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.Then after turning his face to the right, he should call out: حَي َّ عَلَی الصَّلٰوۃِ، حَي َّ عَلَی الصَّلٰوۃِ، H ayya ‘ala s-S al a h.H ayya ‘ala s-S al a h.Come to Prayer.Come to Prayer.Then after turning his face to the left, he should call out: الْف َاَلَحِ، ی َ الْف َاَلَحِ، حَي َّ عَل ی حَي َّ عَلَ H ayya ‘alal-fal ah.H ayya ‘alal-fal ah.Come to success.Come to success.Then again, turning his face towards the Qiblah, he should call out: اَهلل ُ أَكْبَرُ.اَهلل ُ أَكْبَرُ.All a hu Akbar.All a hu Akbar.Allah is the Greatest.Allah is the Greatest.

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M AU L M AU L A A N N A A H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N R A R A 21 A P r im e of m l gu s k f m n l o L a il a ha illAll a h.There is no one worthy of worship except Allah.In the morning S al a t, after ِ حَی َّ عَلَی الۡف َـاَلَح — H ayya ‘alal-fal ah he should call out twice: اَلصَّلٰوۃ ُ خَیْر ٌ مِّن َ النَّوْمِ.A s-S al a tu khairum-minan-naum.Prayer is better than sleep.Even if S al a t is to be offered in congregation somewhere other than a mosque, the Adh a n should first be called out.When Adh a n is being called out, you should leave off any playing of games or sport and everyday affairs and conversations, and listen carefully to the words of the one calling the Adh a n, and you should gently recite the same words after him, but when he says ِ حَي َّ عَلَی الصَّلٰوۃ — H ayya ‘ala s-S alah and ِ حَی َّ عَلَی الۡف َـاَلَح — H ayya ‘alal-fal ah , then you should say: ِاہّٰللِّٰ.ِاَّلَّ ب َ قُـوَّۃ َ ا اَّل َ َ حَوۡل َ و اَّل L a h aula wa l a quwwata ill a h bill a h.There is no power nor strength except from Allah.

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A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE 22 AAer the Adh a n has been called out, recite this prayer.ٗ ٗ اَلَ شَرِیۡك َ لَـہ ٗ وَاَشۡھَد ُ اَن َّ مُحَمَّدًا عَبۡدُہ َّ ا ہّٰللُّٰ وَحۡدَہ اَل ِ َّۤ اِلٰہ َ ا اَل ۡ َ اَشۡھَد ُ اَن و َ رَسُوۡلُـہٗ.اَللّٰھُم َّ صَل ِّ عَلٰی مُحَمَّد ٍ و َّ عَلٰٓی اٰل ِ مُحَمَّد ٍ وَبَارِك ۡ وَسَلِّم ۡ اِنَّك حَمِیۡد ٌ مَّجِیۡدٌ.Ashhadu all a Il a ha illAll a hu wa h dah u l a shar i ka lah u ; wa ashhadu anna Mu h ammadan ‘abduh u wa Ras u luh u.All a humma s alli ‘al a M u h ammadin wa ‘al a a li Mu h ammadin, wa b a rik wasallim innaka H am i d-um-Maj i d.I bear witness that there is no one worthy of wor- ship except Allah.He is One and has no partner.And I bear witness that Muhammad is His servant and His Messenger.O Allah, bless, prosper and send down peace upon Muhammad and the people of Muhammad.You are indeed the Praiseworthy, the Glorious.َ ئِمَۃ ِ اٰت ِ مُحَمَّدَا ِۨ ا۟لۡوَسِیۡلَۃ ٓ مَّۃ ِ و َ الصَّلٰوۃ ِ الۡقَا ٓ َ اَلَ اَللّٰھُم َّ رَب َّ ھٰذِہ ِ الدَّعۡوَۃ ِ التَّا وَالْفَضِیْلَۃ َ وَالدَّرَجَۃ َ الرَّفِیۡعَۃ َ وَابۡعَثۡہ ُ مَقَامًا مَّحۡمُوۡدَا ِۨ الَّذِی ۡ وَعَدۡتَّـہ ٗ اِنَّك تُخۡلِف ُ الۡمِیۡعَادَ.All a humma Rabba h a dhihid-da‘watit-t a mmati wa s -S al a t- il-q a ’imati, a ti Mu h ammadan-il-was i lata wal-fa di lata wad-darajat-ar-raf i ‘ata, wab‘ath-hu maq a mam-ma h m u- dan-illadh i wa ‘ adttah u innaka l a tukhlif-ul-m i‘a d.O Allah, Lord of this Perfect Call, and of the Congregational Prayer, make Muhammad a means of our

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M AU L M AU L A A N N A A H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N R A R A 23 access to You, and bless him with excellence and the loAy oPce, and grant him the most exalted station You have promised him.Verily, You do not go back on Your promise.ren oier Prayer with the congregation.It is permissible for girls and women to oier Prayer at home and oier it in congregation.

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� imings of S alāt Time of Fajr Morning S al a t is from the crack of dawn to the time of sun- rise, and in it, first offer two rak‘ a t 1 of Sunnah 2 and then two rak‘ a t of Far d [Obligatory].Time of Z uhr Afternoon S al a t is from after noon [after the start of declin- ing of the sun] to the time when the shadow of everything 1.Rak‘at: One complete unit within Prayer, consisting of a number of different postures of the body with corresponding prescribed prayers, words of glorification and of praise of God.Plural is: rak‘ a t.[Publisher] 2.Sunnah : One of the types or categories of Prayer; less compul- sory than a Far d (Obligatory) Prayer, but more so than a Nafl (Supererogatory) one.[Publisher].

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A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE 26 becomes equal to its length.In this [ S al a t ] first there are four rak‘ a t of Sunnah and then four rak‘ a t of Far d.Then, offer two rak‘ a t of Sunnah, or four [by splitting them] into two and two.Time of ‘A s r Late afternoon S al a t is from after the expiry of the time for the Z uhr S al a t till really the time when the sun starts to become yel- low.Offering the ‘ A s r S al a t when the sun has started to turn yel- low is deplored by the Shariah so much that it has not refrained even from referring to such a lazy person as a hypocrite.And if necessary the time to offer this Prayer lasts till the setting of the sun.It comprises of four rak‘ a t of Far d and after this no S al a t is permissible till Maghrib [evening S al a t ].But if you offer four rak‘ a t of Sunnah before the four rak‘ a t of Far d of ‘ A s r then this is a very noble deed and a way of earning Paradise.

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M AU L M AU L A A N N A A H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N R A R A 27 Time of Maghrib Evening S al a t is after the setting of the sun.In this S al a t there are three rak‘ a t of Far d and two rak‘ a t of Sunnah.The last time of Maghrib is till the end of shafaq —evening twilight.Shafaq also refers to the redness that appears from the west after the setting of the sun,1 and it is also understood from the lexicons of the Arabic language that shafaq refers to the whiteness that can be seen from the west long after sunset.Time of ‘Ish a ’ Night S al a t starts from the end of evening twilight.Muhaddith i n [Hadith scholars] believe that the time for ‘ Ish a Prayer lasts till midnight and according to some Fuqah a [scholars of in Islamic jurisprudence] it is till dawn.It comprises of four rak‘ a t of Far d and after this there are either two rak‘ a t of Sunnah or four Sunnah that can be offered as a set of two rak‘ a t of Sunnah twice.And after these Witr 2 are performed that most probably are three rak‘ a t ; 1.This meaning is proved to be from Hadrat ibn Umar ra.2.Witr literally means odd.One of the types or categories of Prayer; less compulsory than a Far d (Obligatory) Prayer, but more so than Sunnah and Nafl.There are three rak‘ a t in this Prayer.It is offered after the ‘Ish a Prayer.[Publisher]

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28 these can be oAered as three rak‘ a t together, or if desired, one can also offer two rak‘ a t and then one rak‘at separately.After the Witr one should offer two rak‘ a t S al a t while sitting and after saying sal a m, should recite the following, twice in a gentle voice and the third time in a slightly loud voice: سُبۡحَان َ الۡمَلِك ِ الۡقُدُّوۡس.Sub ha n-al-Malik-il-Qudd u s.Holy is the Sovereign Lord, who is free from every imperfection.

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�e � ay �o � ffer S alāt For S al a t, the body, the clothes, and the place to offer the S al a t should be clean.The body should be covered: For men, from the navel to the knees, and no part of a woman’s body should be without clothes, except for the face, hands, and feet.The Holy Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, always used to offer the Far d rak‘ a t of the S al a t in con- gregation.This is why every Muslim should try to follow his example and offer S al a t in congregation.For congregational S al a t, Adh a n is called out first and then, when the people have gathered to offer the S al a t, the muadhdhin [the one who calls out the Adh a n ] or someone else with his permission, should stand behind the Imam in the first row, and while facing the Qiblah and without placing his hands on the ears, should say the Iqamat 1.He should say the words of the Adh a n, but a bit quicker and after saying ِ الْف َاَلَح ى َعَل َّ ى َ ح [ h ayya ‘alal-fal ah ] ‘Come to success’, he should say twice ِ قَد ْ قَامَت ِ الصَّلٰوۃ [ Qad q a m- ati s-S al a h ]—‘ S al a t is starting’, and then continue to say the remaining words of the Adh a n.1.Iq a mat also Iq a mah: A shortened version of the Adh a n , which is recited loudly to indicate that a congregational Prayer is about to start—also referred to as Takb i r.[Publisher].

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A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE 30 While the Takb i r [another name for Iq a mat ] is being said, the imam [one leading the S al a t ] should be standing at his [pre- scribed] place and the followers [those offering the S al a t behind him] should straighten their lines and stand solidly close together.No one should be out of line, ahead or behind.Then the imam and the followers, while facing towards the Qiblah, should raise both hands and say, ُ َہّٰللُّٰ ا َ کۡبَر ا [ All a hu Akbar ]—‘Allah is the Greatest.’ But the imam should say ُ َہّٰللُّٰ ا َ کۡبَر ا first and the followers should say it after him, and then fold their hands.For folding of the hands, it is established from the a ha d i th that hands may be folded on the chest and also the hands may be folded below the navel by putting the right hand upon the left (some Muslims also offer S al a t with the hands left unfolded).1 Then everyone should recite Than a qui- etly.Then Ta‘awwudh and Tasmiyah should be recited and after it, the whole of S u rah al-F a ti h ah should be recited.Then a m i n should be said.After this the imam should recite some short or long S u rah after S u rah al-F a ti h ah.In the whole S al a t of Z uhr and ‘ A s r, and in the third rak‘at of Maghrib, and in the last two rak‘ a t of ‘Ish a , everything should be recited quietly.And in the two Far d rak‘ a t of the [morning] Fajr Prayer and in the evening and ‘Ish a ’s first two rak‘ a t , the imam should recite with a loud voice.The imam should also recite in a loud voice in Friday Prayer and Eid Prayers, and while the imam is reciting loudly the followers should listen to him silently.However the followers should recite Al- h amd Shar i f [ S u rah al-F a ti h ah ] quietly.1.See Sunan al-Kubr a by Baihaq i , Abw a b S ifati s - S al a t, B a b Wa d ‘il-Yadain, ‘al a S adri fi s - S al a ti minus-Sunnah, Part 2, p.46, Hadith 2335; see also Sunan Ab i Daw u d, Abw a b Tafr i‘ Istift ah al- S al a t, B a b Wa d ‘il-Yumn a ‘al-Yusr a fis- S al a ti, Hadith 756.[Publisher]

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M AU L M AU L A A N N A A H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N R A R A 31 Far a ’i d of Wu d ū [Compulsory Parts of Ablution] 1.Washing the face once from the hair of the forehead to under the chin, and from one earlobe to the other.2.Washing of both hands and forearms up to the elbows, once.3.Washing both feet up to the ankles once.4.Passing wet hands through/over the head.Sunan of Wu d ū (Excellences of Ablution) 1.Make a definitive intention in one’s heart that Wudū is being done to offer S al a t.2.Recitation of ِ ِ ا ہّٰللِّٰ الرَّحۡمٰن ِ الرَّحِیۡم بِسۡم [ Bismill a hir-Ra h m a nir- Ra hi m —In the name of Allah, the Gracious, the Merciful] when beginning the Wu d ū.3.Brushing [the teeth].4.Washing both hands up to the wrist.

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A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE 32 A.Rinsing the mouth three times.P.Pouring water into the nostrils three times and cleaning the nose.r.Washing of the face three times.i.Washing both hands and forearms up to the elbows three times.m.Wiping the whole head.eo.Wiping both ears with the water used for the wiping of the head.ee.Washing the feet, including the ankles, three times.ef.Washing in [proper] sequence.el.Carrying out these steps of Wu d ū contiguously to wash the next body part before the earlier one has dried.

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M AU L M AU L A A N N A A H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N R A R A 33 Invalidators of WudA 1.Urination 2.Defecation 3.So much bleeding and discharging of pus from any part of the body that it flows1.4.Sleeping on one’s side or on one’s back.5.Sleeping with a support, in a way that if that support is removed the person sleeping would fall down.If a person falls asleep in S al a t while standing or in ruk u‘ or in prostra- tion, then the Wu d ū would not be invalidated.6.Unconsciousness 7.State of being intoxicated.8.State of frenzy.9.From some a ha d i th it is established that Wu d ū must be done [again] upon eating camel’s meat.10.Moreover, consorting with one’s spouse also invalidates Wu d ū.1.This issue is disputed.

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A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE 34 Far a ’i d of Bathing [Compulsory Parts of Bathing ] 1.Rinsing the mouth.2.Pouring water into the nose.3.Pouring water once on all [parts of the] body.Sunan of Bathing [Excellences of Bathing ] 1.Washing both hands after scrubbing them with dust [soap].2.Cleaning the body of all impurities.3.Performing the Wu d ū.4.Pouring water three times on the whole body.

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M AU L M AU L A A N N A A H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N R A R A 35 Permissible Conditions for Tayammum 1.When water is not available.2.When use of water could lead to illness.3.When there is the danger that the use of water may increase the intensity of the illness.4.When there is fear from enemies or wild animals at the water source.5.When only drinking water is available [due to scarcity of water].There is not adequate equipment to draw water from the well or the cost is unreasonable or excessive.Far a ’id of S al a t [Compulsory Parts of Prayers] There are six that come before starting the S al a t, which are called Shar a’ i t [Prerequisites], and seven that are during the S al a t, which are called Ark a n [Components].

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A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE 36 Shar a’ i t of S al a t [Prerequisites of Prayers] 1.Cleanliness of the body.2.Cleanliness of the clothes.3.Cleanliness of the place where S al a t is to be offered.4.Covering the private parts.5.Facing the Qiblah.6.Making the intention to offer S al a t but only in the heart, not by the tongue.Ark a n of S al a t [Components of Prayers] 1.Saying ُ َہّٰللُّٰ ا َ کۡبَر ا [ All a hu Akbar —Allah is the Greatest] in the beginning of S al a t.This is called takb i r-e-te h r i mah.2.Standing up, which is called Qiy a m.3.Qir’at, meaning reciting some parts of the Word of Allah [the Holy Quran].

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M AU L M AU L A A N N A A H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N R A R A 37 A.Ruk u ‘ —Bowing.5.Sajdah —Prostrating.6.Last Qa‘dah meaning the final sitting posture before end- ing S al a t.7.Intentionally ending S al a t.Issues Regarding Shar a’ i t of S al a t [Prerequisites of Prayers] 1.S al a t should not be abandoned if a wound bleeds contin- uously or the nose bleeds at all times or urine cannot be controlled.Under such circumstances one should perform the Wu d ū once and offer S al a t.2.It is compulsory for a man to cover his body from below the navel and to the knees.The knees are also included in it.For a woman the compulsory area of covering is the whole body except for the two hands, two feet, and the face.And if one fourth of the area required to be covered becomes exposed then the S al a t would be rendered void.3.If the clothes are not clean and there are no means available

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A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE 38 for washing them, then oAer S al a t even with the unclean clothes.Do not abandon it [the S al a t ].4.If S al a t is to be offered at a place where the Qiblah cannot be determined, or there is darkness of night, or another person cannot be found who could be asked regarding the Qiblah, then, on such an occasion, ponder from the heart as to the direction in which the Qiblah may be, and in whichever direction the heart testifies, offer S al a t facing in that direction.Issues Regarding Ark a n of S al a t [Components of Prayers] [1.] If the person offering S al a t is not able to stand for some reason, then he may offer the S al a t while sitting.[2.] In Qir’at [recitation of a portion from the Holy Quran] at least one long or three short verses should be recited.3.It is compulsory to sit in Qa‘dah for at least the time to be able to recite at-ta h iyy a t.

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M AU L M AU L A A N N A A H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N R A R A 39 W a jib a t 1 of S al a t [Essentials of Prayers] 1.Reciting ُ اَلْحَمْد [ al h amdu— the opening chapter of the Holy Quran].2.After 2 اَلْحَمْدُ [ al h amdu ] the recitation of some S u rah [chap- ter of Holy Quran] or one long verse or three short verses.3.Offering all the Ark a n [Components] of S al a t calmly, and attentively, this is called ta‘d i l-e-ark a n [proper carrying out of the components].4.Sitting down after two rak‘at in a S al a t composed of three or four rak‘at.This is called the first Qa‘dah.5.Reciting at-ta h iyy a t in both Qa‘dahs [sitting postures] whether it be first or last.6.In Jumu‘ah, the Eid prayers and Maghrib and ‘Ish a and morning S al a t, the Imam must do Qir’at [recitation of Holy Quran] in a loud voice.One who is offering S al a t by 1.From a practical point of view there is no difference between Far d [Obligatory] and W a jib [Essential].2.Al- H amd is a substitute for all words of Allah but apart from this no other words can serve as substitute for the words of al- H amd.

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A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE 40 oneself is allowed to do Qir’at [recitation of Holy Quran] quietly or audibly.7.In Z uhr and ‘ A s r S al a ts, Qir’at is done quietly.8.The Far d [Obligatory] and W a jib [Essential] that come in S al a t repeatedly must be carried out in the proper order.9.The recitation of Qir’at in the first two obligatory [ Far d ] rak‘ a t is compulsory.10.Offering Sal a m [salutation] at the end of S al a t.11.Apart from that, reciting the supplication of Qun u t in the third rak‘at of Witr.Furthermore, saying ُ َہّٰللُّٰ اَکۡبَر ا [ All a hu Akbar —Allah is the Greatest] multiple times in the Eid prayers are also W a jib [Essential].That is to say, three times before Qir’at in the first rak‘at and in the second rak‘at three times after Qir’at.From a ha d i th it is also learnt that it is permissible to say ُ َہّٰللُّٰ ا َ کۡبَر ا [ All a hu Akbar —Allah is the Greatest] seven times before Qir’at in the first rak‘at and five times before the Qir’at in the second rak‘at.

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M AU L M AU L A A N N A A H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N R A R A 41 Sunan of S al a t [Excellences of Prayers] 1.Raising of the hands—that is to say, raising both hands up to the ears in a way that the thumb touches the earlobe, or comes parallel to it—and the rest of the fingers should not either be too open or close.2.Offering S al a t by folding both hands below the navel in a way that the right hand should be placed on the left hand, and hold the left hand with the right hand.From authentic a ha d i th, the placing of hands on the chest is also proven.3.Reciting Than a in the beginning of the S al a t.4.Reciting T‘awwudh after Than a.5.Reciting ِ ِ الرَّحِیۡم ہّٰللِّٰ الرَّحۡمٰن ِ ا بِسۡم [ Bismill a hir-Ra h manir- Ra hi m —In the name of Allah, the Gracious, the Merciful], in the beginning of every rak‘at.6.Saying A m i n, after al- H amdu [ S u rah al-F a ti h ah ].7.While transitioning from one rukn [Component] to another rukn except for Qauma [rising to stand up] one should say, ُ َہّٰللُّٰ ا َ کۡبَر ا [ All a hu Akbar —Allah is the Greatest].These are called transitionary takbir a t.

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A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE 42 A.Reciting سُبۡحَان َ رَبِّی َ الۡعَظِیۡم [ Sub ha na Rabbiyal-‘A zi m —Holy is my Lord, the Most Great] three, five, or seven times in Ruk u‘ —the bowing posture.9.The Imam [person leading the S al a t ] saying ْ َ ا ہّٰللُّٰ لِمَن سَمِع حَمِدَہ [ Sami‘all a hu liman h amidah — Allah hears him who praises Him] after standing up from the ruk u‘ , that is called Tasm i ’ and followers should then say ُ رَبَّنَا لَك َ الْحَمْد [ Rabban a lakal- h amd —Our Lord, Yours is the praise] and those offering S al a t alone can either say just the tasm i ’ or both.10.Reciting َ ااۡلَۡعۡلٰی سُبۡحَان َ رَبِّی [ Sub ha na Rabbiyal-A‘l a —Holy is my Lord, the Most Exalted] three, five, or seven times in the sajdah —prostration.11.Reciting Dur u d-Shar i f ( S al a t ‘alan-Nabiyy ) after at-ta h iyy a t.12.Reciting any prayer1 after Dur u d-Shar i f.Every person may supplicate in his own language.1.Footnote: It is established from authentic a ha d i th [See S a hih al-Bukh a r i , Kit a b-ul-Adh a n, B a b-ud-Du‘ a fir-Ruk u ‘, , Hadith 794] that the Holy Prophet s as also used to recite the following in the Sajdah and the Ruk u‘ : ْ سُبْحَانَك َ اللّٰهُم َّ رَبَّنَا وَبِحَمْدِك َ اَللّٰهُم َّ اغْفِر ْ لِي [ Sub ha nak All a humma Rabban a wa bi h amdika All a hummaghfir l i —Holy are You, O Allah, and our Lord, all praise is Yours; O Allah, forgive me.] Indeed, this was what he would ultimately recite.

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M AU L M AU L A A N N A A H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N R A R A 43 Invalidators of S al a t 1.Talking while offering S al a t.2.Weeping loudly due to pain or affliction, albeit doing so involuntarily does not come under this decree; if someone weeps out of the fear of Allah, then the S al a t will not be invalidated.3.Correcting someone other than the Imam in the recitation of the Holy Quran invalidates one’s S al a t; to remind the Imam does not invalidate one’s S al a t.4.Eating or drinking something during S al a t.Any type of action carried out to such a degree that by looking upon it is generally known that one is not offering S al a t.Makruh a t during S al a t [Undesirable Acts during Prayers] 1.Putting a quilt or big shawl on the head or shoulders in a way that its hems are hanging, or wearing a coat or shirt without putting hands in the sleeves.2.Wiping the dirt from the forehead.

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A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE 44 A.Picking or rolling up clothes to save them from becoming covered by dust.P.Orering Prayer without the head being covered.i.Clearing pebbles and dirt etc.from the place of prostration without any necessity.However, if prostration is not possi- ble, then clearing such items once is permissible.m.ee c racking of knuckles in the S al a t.7.Looking left or right, or towards the sky in the S al a t.8.As far as possible, one should suppress yawning and stretching.9.During prostration spreading both forearms on the floor, or allowing the abdomen to touch the thighs.10.Coughing unnecessarily; if coughing just cannot be stopped then it is not an issue.Do not offer Prayer in a state of urgency for going to the bathroom.One should offer S al a t with calmness, after being free of such a need.Indeed, if food is ready one should eat it first, and then offer the S al a t.

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�ssentials of �aith 1.Believing in Allah, the Exalted, and having conviction that He is One, free of all imperfections, endowed with all the perfect attributes, Sovereign Lord over All, Sustainer, the Most Gracious, the Ever Merciful, He is Unique and has no partners.2.Believing in His angels that when they inspire your hearts towards virtue, you act upon it.3.Believing in His Books.4.Believing in His Prophets and that Muhammad, the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, is Kh a tamun-Nabiyy i n [Seal of the Prophets] and that he is the embodiment of all excel- lences of prophethood.5.Believing in the resurrection—life after death.

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46 A.Believing in Ta q d i r —that Allah has established a measure for everything and a limit.So, a person will be rewarded in accord with one’s deeds and Allah, the Exalted, has knowl- edge of all things and events.7.Believing in the reward and punishment [of the Day of Judgment].

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�ssentials of �eligion 1.Verbal declaration of belief in Allah the Exalted and His Messenger, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him.2.Offering S al a t.3.Giving Zakat.4.Observing the Fast.5.Performing the Hajj [Pilgrimage to the House of Allah] if able to do so.Doing jihad for the sake of Allah (by the pen or the tongue).6.If adversaries stop one from following the religion then to oppose this subject to strength and jurisdiction.

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A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE 48 A.Worship Allah the Exalted as though you see Him or that He sees you.P.Abide by high morals.r.Abstain from vices.im.Loving God Almighty and His Messenger, peace and bless- ings of Allah be upon him.ii.Rendering thanks for Divine favours.ie.Being courteous and humble.io.Being respectful towards elders and merciful towards the young.if.Abstaining from boasting and arrogance.il.Abstaining from envy, malice, and ill-placed anger.ig.Reciting the Holy uuran and trying to understand it.iA.Avoiding frivolous and useless things.iP.Remaining clean and pure at all times.ir.Covering nakedness.

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M AU L M AU L A A N N A A H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N R A R A 49 AP.Being generous when required and feeding the people.Ar.Fulilling the rights of near and dear ones.AA.Keep on improving the state of morals of the people.Am.Striving and helping in the doing of good deeds and look - ing aeer and aiding the needy to the extent possible.Ao.Being beneicent towards the neighbour.Af.Being straightforward in dealings.Al.Not being harsh in obtaining one’s own rights.Not being deceitful and lazy in fulilling the rights of others.Ag.Spending wealth when needed.Not spending wealth extravagantly.Au.Replying to the greetings of others.As.V isit ing the sick.mP.When a Muslim sneezes and says ِِّٰهّٰلِل ُ اَلْحَمْد [ Al- h amdu Lill a h —All Praise belongs to Allah]; replying by saying ُّٰ هّٰلِل یَرْحَمُك َ ا [ Yar h amukall a h —may Allah have mercy on you].31.Removing harmful things from pathways.

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�ajor �ins 1.Associating partners with God Almighty.2.Committing murder.3.Mistreating parents.4.Wrongfully consuming the inheritance of orphans.5.Drinking alcohol.6.Oppressing 7.Backbiting 8.To curse someone without reason.9.Without any reason considering one’s own better than others.10.Not fulfilling the promise made to someone.11.Being unfaithful to a trust of someone.12.Concealing true testimony.

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A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE 52 AP.Giving false testimony.Ar.Telling lies.Ai.Committing them.Ae.Taking usury.Ao.Taking bribes.Af.Going into someone’s home without permission.Al.Picking faults in someone.gu.Believing in the predictions of astrologers.

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M AU L M AU L A A N N A A H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N R A R A 53 سُوۡرَۃ ُ الۡعَصۡرِ S u rah al-‘A s r [Chapter 103 of the Holy Quran] اَّلِا َنْيِذَّلا ِمْسِب ِهّٰللا ِنٰمْحَّرلا ِمْيِحَّرلا۰۰َو ِرْصَعْلا۰۰َّۙنِا َناَسْنِاْلا ْيِفَل ٍرْسُخ۰۰ۙ اْوُنَمٰا َو اوُلِمَع ِتٰحِلّٰصلا َو اْوَصاَوَت ِّقَحْلاِب١ۙ۬ َو اْوَصاَوَت ِرْبَّصلاِب۰۰ؒ Bismill a hir-Ra h m a nir-Ra hi m.Wal-‘A s r.Innal-ins a na laf i khusr.Illalladh i na a man u wa ‘amilu s-sa li ha ti wa taw as au bil-haqq, wa taw as au bi s-s abr.1.In the name of Allah, the Gracious, the Merciful.2.By the testimony of time, 3.Surely, man is in a state of loss, 4.Except those who believe and do good works, and exhort one another to accept truth, and exhort one another to be steadfast.

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A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE 54 سُوۡرَۃ ُ قُرَیۡشٍ S u rah Quraish [Chapter 106 of the Holy Quran] ْمِهِفٰلٖا َةَلْحِر ِءٓاَتِّشلا َو ْۤيِذَّلا ْمُهَمَعْطَا ْنِّم ٍعْوُج١ۙ۬ َّو ْمُهَنَمٰا ِمْسِب ِهّٰللا ِنٰمْحَّرلا ِمْيِحَّرلا۰۰ِفٰلْيِاِل ٍشْيَرُق۰۰ۙ ِفْيَّصلا۰۰ۚاْوُدُبْعَيْلَف َّبَر اَذٰه ِتْيَبْلا۰۰ۙ ْنِّم ٍفْوَخ۰۰ Bismillahir-Rahmanir-Rahim.Li- i l a fi Quraish.I l a fihim ri h latash-shit a ’i wa s-s aif.Faly‘abud u Rabba h a dhal-baitil- ladh i a t ‘amahum min j u ‘in-wa- a manahum min khauf.1.In the name of Allаh, the Gracious, the Merciful.2.To bind the Quraish together, 3.And to promote their alliance We have devised trade jour- neys of the winter and the summer— 4.Hence they should worship the Lord of this House, 5.Who has fed them against hunger, and has given them security against fear.

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M AU L M AU L A A N N A A H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N R A R A 55 سُوۡرَۃ ُ الۡمَاعُوۡن S u rah al-Ma‘ u n [Chapter 107 of the Holy Quran] َكِلٰذَف ٌلْيَوَف ِمْسِب ِهّٰللا ِنٰمْحَّرلا ِمْيِحَّرلا۰۰َتْيَءَرَا ْيِذَّلا ُبِّذَكُي ِنْيِّدلاِب۰۰ؕ َو ْيِذَّلا ُّعُدَي َمْيِتَيْلا۰۰ۙ َو اَل ُّضُحَي ىٰلَع ِماَعَط ِنْيِكْسِمْلا۰۰ؕ َنْيِّلَصُمْلِّل۰۰َۙ۠نْيِذَّلا ْمُه ْنَع ْمِهِتاَلَص َنْوُهاَس۰۰ۙ َنْيِذَّلا ْمُه َنْوُءٓاَرُي۰۰ۙ َنْوُعَنْمَي َنْوُعاَمْلا۰۰ Bismill a hir-Ra h m a nir-Ra hi m.Ara'aitalladh i yukadh- dhibu bid-d i n.Fadh a lik-alladh i yadu‘-‘ul-yat i m.Wa l a ya h u dd u ‘al a t a‘ a m-il-misk i n.Fa wailul-lil-mu s all i n.Alladh i na hum ‘an s al a tihim s a h u n.Alladh i na hum yur a ’ u n.Wa yamna‘ u nal-m a ‘ u n.1.In the name of Allah, the Gracious, the Merciful.2.Have you seen him who rejects religion? 3.That is the one who drives away the orphan, 4.And urges not the feeding of the poor.5.So woe to those who pray, 6.But are unmindful of their Prayer.7.Those who show off.8.And they deprive people of even small benefits.

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A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE 56 سُوۡرَۃ ُ الۡکَوثَرِ S u rah al-Kauthar [Chapter 108 of the Holy Quran] ِّلَصَف َكِّبَرِل َو ِمْسِب ِهّٰللا ِنٰمْحَّرلا ِمْيِحَّرلا۰۰ۤاَّنِا َكٰنْيَطْعَا َرَثْوَكْلا۰۰ؕ ْرَحْنا۰۰َّؕنِا َكَئِناَش َوُه ُرَتْبَاْلا۰۰ؒ Bismill a hir-Ra h m a nir-Ra hi m.Inn a a‘ t ain a kal-kauthar.Fa s alli li Rabbika wan h ar.Inna sh a ni’aka huwal-abtar.1.In the name of Allаh, the Gracious, the Merciful.2.Surely We have given you abundance of good; 3.So pray to your Lord, and offer sacrifice.4.Surely, it is your enemy who is without issue.

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M AU L M AU L A A N N A A H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N R A R A 57 سُوۡرَۃ ُ الۡکَافِرُوۡنَ S u rah al-K a fir u n [Chapter 109 of the Holy Quran] ۤاَل ُدُبْعَا اَم َو ۤاَل ِمْسِب ِهّٰللا ِنٰمْحَّرلا ِمْيِحَّرلا۰۰ْلُق اَهُّيَاٰۤي َنْوُرِفٰكْلا۰۰ۙ َنْوُدُبْعَت۰۰َۙو ۤاَل ْمُتْنَا َنْوُدِبٰع ۤاَم ُدُبْعَا۰۰َۚو ۤاَل اَنَا ٌدِباَع اَّم ْمُّتْدَبَع۰۰ۙ ْمُتْنَا َنْوُدِبٰع ۤاَم ُدُبْعَا۰۰ْؕمُكَل ْمُكُنْيِد َو َيِل ِنْيِد۰۰ Bismill a hir-Ra h m a nir-Ra hi m.Qul y a -ayyuhal-k a fir u n.L a a‘budu m a t‘abud u n.Wa l a antum ‘ a bid u na m a a‘bud.Wa l a ana ‘ a bidum m a a‘badtum.Wa l a antum ‘ a bid u na m a a‘bud.Lakum d i nukum wa liya d i n.1.In the name of Allah, the Gracious, the Merciful.2.Say, ‘O ye disbelievers! 3.‘I worship not that which you worship; 4.‘Nor worship you what I worship.5.‘And I am not going to worship that which you worship; 6.‘Nor will you worship what I worship.7.‘For you your religion, and for me my religion.’

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A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE 58 سُوۡرَۃ ُ النَّصۡرِ S u rah an-Na s r [Chapter 110 of the Holy Quran] َو َتْيَاَر َساَّنلا ْحِّبَسَف ِدْمَحِب َكِّبَر َو ُهْرِفْغَتْسا١ؔؕ ٗهَّنِا َناَك ِمْسِب ِهّٰللا ِنٰمْحَّرلا ِمْيِحَّرلا۰۰اَذِا َءٓاَج ُرْصَن ِهّٰللا َو ُحْتَفْلا۰۰ۙ َنْوُلُخْدَي ْيِف ِنْيِد ِهّٰللا اًجاَوْفَا۰۰ۙ اًباَّوَت۰۰ Bismill a hir-Ra h m a nir-Ra hi m.Idha j a ’a na s rull a hi wal- fat h.Wa ra’aitan-n a sa yadkhul u na f i d i nill a hi afw a j a.Fasabbi h bi h amdi rabbika wastaghfirh, innah u k a na taww a b a.1.In the name of Allаh, the Gracious, the Merciful.2.When the help of Allah comes, and the victory, 3.And you see men entering the religion of Allah in troops, 4.Glorify your Lord, with His praise, and seek forgiveness of Him.Surely He is Oft-Returning with compassion.

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M AU L M AU L A A N N A A H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N R A R A 59 ُ ااۡلِخۡلَاصِ سُوۡرَۃ S u rah al-Ikhl as [Chapter 112 of the Holy Quran] ْمَل ْدِلَي١ۙ۬ َو ِمْسِب ِهّٰللا ِنٰمْحَّرلا ِمْيِحَّرلا۰۰ْلُق َوُه ُهّٰللا ٌدَحَا۰۰ُۚهّٰللَا ُدَمَّصلا۰۰ۚ ْمَل ْدَلْوُي۰۰َۙو ْمَل ْنُكَي ٗهَّل اًوُفُك ٌدَحَا۰۰ Bismill a hir-Ra h m a nir-Ra hi m.Qul huwall a hu A h ad.All a hu s-S amad.Lam yalid wa lam y u lad.Wa lam yakul- lah u kufuwan a h ad.1.In the name of Allаh, the Gracious, the Merciful.2.Say, ‘He is Allаh, the One; 3.‘Allаh, the Independent and Besought of all.4.‘He begets not, nor is He begotten; 5.‘And there is none like unto Him.’

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A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE 60 سُوۡرَۃ ُ الۡفَلَقِ S u rah al-Falaq [Chapter 113 of the Holy Quran] َو َو ْنِم ِّرَش ِمْسِب ِهّٰللا ِنٰمْحَّرلا ِمْيِحَّرلا۰۰ْلُق ُذْوُعَا ِّبَرِب ِقَلَفْلا۰۰ْۙنِم ِّرَش اَم َقَلَخ۰۰ۙ ْنِم ِّرَش ٍقِساَغ اَذِا َبَقَو۰۰َۙو ْنِم ِّرَش ِتٰثّٰفَّنلا يِف ِدَقُعْلا۰۰ۙ ٍدِساَح اَذِا َدَسَح۰۰ؒ Bismill a hir-Ra h m a nir-Ra hi m.Qul a‘ u dhu bi Rabbil- falaq.Min sharri m a khalaq.Wa min sharri gh a siqin idh a waqab.Wa min sharrin-naff a th a ti fil-‘uqad.Wa min sharri ha sidin idh a h asad.1.In the name of Allah, the Gracious, the Merciful.2.Say, ‘I seek refuge with the Lord of cleaving, 3.‘From the evil of that which He has created, 4.‘And from the evil of the night when it overspreads, 5.‘And from the evil of those who blow into knots to undo them, 6.‘And from the evil of the envier when he envies.’

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M AU L M AU L A A N N A A H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N R A R A 61 سُوۡرَۃ ُ النَّاسِ S u rah an-N a s [Chapter 114 of the Holy Quran] ِهٰلِا ْيِذَّلا ُسِوْسَوُي ْيِف ِرْوُدُص ِمْسِب ِهّٰللا ِنٰمْحَّرلا ِمْيِحَّرلا۰۰ْلُق ُذْوُعَا ِّبَرِب ِساَّنلا۰۰ِۙكِلَم ِساَّنلا۰۰ۙ ِساَّنلا۰۰ْۙنِم ِّرَش ِساَوْسَوْلا١ۙ۬ ِساَّنَخْلا۰۰۪ۙ ِساَّنلا۰۰َۙنِم ِةَّنِجْلا َو ِساَّنلا۰۰ؒ Bismill a hir-Ra h m a nir-Ra hi m.Qul a‘ u dhu bi Rabbin-n a s.Malikin-n a s.Il a hin-n a s.Min sharril-wasw a s-il-khann a s.Alladh i yuwaswisu f i s ud u rin-n a s.Minal-jinnati wan-n a s.1.In the name of Allah, the Gracious, the Merciful.2.Say, ‘I seek refuge in the Lord of mankind, 3.‘The King of mankind, 4.‘The God of mankind, 5.‘From the evil of the sneaking whisperer, 6.‘Who whispers into the hearts of men, 7.‘From among the Jinn and mankind.’

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A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE A PR I M E R OF R E L IGIO U S K NOW L E D GE 62 سُوۡرَۃ ُ الۡبَقَرَۃِ S u rah al-Baqarah Verses 1–6 [Chapter 2 of the Holy Quran] َكِلٰذ ُبٰتِكْلا اَل َبْيَر١ۛۖۚ ِهْيِف١ۛۚ ىًدُه َنْيِذَّلا َنْوُنِمْؤُي ِبْيَغْلاِب َو َنْوُمْيِقُي َةوٰلَّصلا َو اَّمِم ْمُهٰنْقَزَر ِمْسِب ِهّٰللا ِنٰمْحَّرلا ِمْيِحَّرلا۰۰ّٓمٓلا۰۰ۚ َو َنْيِذَّلا َنْوُنِمْؤُي ۤاَمِب َلِزْنُا َكْيَلِا َو ۤاَم َلِزْنُا ْنِم َكِلْبَق١ۚ َو ِةَرِخٰاْلاِب َنْيِقَّتُمْلِّل۰۰ۙ۠ َنْوُقِفْنُي۰۰ۙ ْمُه َنْوُنِقْوُي۰۰َؕكِٕىٰٓلوُا ىٰلَع ىًدُه ْنِّم ْمِهِّبَّر١ۗ َو َكِٕىٰٓلوُا ُمُه َنْوُحِلْفُمْلا۰۰ Bismill a hir-Ra h m a nir-Ra hi m.Alif-L a m-M i m.Dh a lik-al- Kit a bu l a raiba f i h; hudalil-muttaq i n.Alladh i na yu’min u na bilghaibi wa yuq i m u na s - s al a ta wa mimm a razaqn a hum yunfiq u n.Walladh i na yu’min u na bim a unzila ilaika wa m a unzila min qablika wa bil- A khirati hum y u qin u n.Ul a ’ika ‘al a hudam-mir-Rabbihim wa ul a ’ika humul-mufli hu n.1.In the name of Allah, the Gracious, the Merciful.2.Alif L a m M i m [I am Allаh, the All-Knowing.] 3.This is a perfect Book; there is no doubt in it; it is a guid- ance for the righteous,

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M AU L M AU L A A N N A A H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N H AK E E M NO OR-U D -DE E N R A R A 63 A.Who believe in the unseen and observe Prayer, and spend out of what We have provided for them; P.And who believe in that which has been revealed to you, and that which was revealed before you, and they have rrm faith in what is yet to come.6.It is they who follow the guidance of their Lord and it is they who shall prosper.

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Publisher’s Note Please note that, in the translation given herein, words given in parentheses ( ) are the words of the author.If any explan- atory words or phrases are added by the translators for the purpose of clarification, they are put in square brackets [ ].Footnotes given by the publisher are marked ‘[Publisher]’.References to the Holy Quran contain the name of the s u rah [i.e.chapter] followed by a chapter:verse citation, e.g.S u rah al-Jumu‘ah, 62:4, and count Bismill a hir-Ra h m a nir- Ra hi m [‘In the name of Allah, the Gracious, the Merciful’] as the first verse in every chapter that begins with it.The follow- ing abbreviations have been used: s as s allall a hu ‘alaihi wa sallam, meaning ‘may peace and blessings of Allah be upon him’, is written after the name of the Holy Prophet Muhammad s as.as ‘alaihis-sal a m, meaning ‘peace be on him’, is writ- ten after the names of Prophets other than the Holy Prophet Muhammad s as.ra ra d iyall a hu ‘anhu/‘anh a /‘anhum, meaning ‘may Allah be pleased with him/her/them’, is written after the names of the Companions of the Holy Prophet Muhammad s as or of the Promised Messiah as.

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66 aba ayyadahull a hu Ta‘ a la bina s rihil-‘az i z, meaning ‘may Allah the Almighty help him with His powerful support’, is written after the name of the present head of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, Hadrat Mirza Masroor Ahmad aba, Khal i fatul- Mas ih V.Readers are urged to recite the full salutations when reading the book.In general, we have adopted the following system estab- lished by the Royal Asiatic Society for our transliteration.ا at the beginning of a word, pronounced as a, i, u preceded by a very slight aspiration, like h in the English word honour.ث th – pronounced like th in the English word thing.ح h – a guttural aspirate, stronger than h.خ kh – pronounced like the Scottish ch in loch.ذ dh – pronounced like the English th in that.ص s – strongly articulated s.ض d – similar to the English th in this.ط t – strongly articulated palatal t.ظ z – strongly articulated z.ع ‘ – a strong guttural, the pronunciation of which must be learnt by the ear.غ gh – a sound similar to the French r in grasseye, and to the German r.It requires the muscles of the throat to be in the ‘gargling’ position to pronounce it.ق q – a deep guttural k sound.ء ’ – a sort of catch in the voice.

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Publisher’s Note 67 Long vowels by: a for __ ٰ ___ or آ (like a in father ).i for ی __ ِ ___ or __ ٖ ___ (like ee in deep ).u for و __ ُ ___ (like oo in root ).Other vowels by: ai for ی __ َ ___ (like i in site ).au for و __ َ ___ (resembling ou in sound ).The consonants not included in the above list have the same pho- netic value as in the principal languages of Europe.As noted above, the single quotation mark ‘ is used for transliterating ع which is distinct from the apostrophe ’ used for ء.Terms which may not be familiar to the Western reader are italicized in the text and defined in the Glossary.We have not transliterated some Arabic words which have become part of the English language, e.g.Islam, Quran, and ummah.The Royal Asiatic Society’s rules of transliteration for names of persons, places, and other terms, are not followed throughout the book as many of the names contain non-Arabic characters and carry a local transliteration and pronunciation style.It should be noted that wherever the author had not given the translation of a verse of the Holy Quran, we have generally taken the translation from Hadrat Khalifatul Masih IV rta or Hadrat Maulaw i Sher Ali ra, but have changed ‘Thou’ and ‘Thee’ to ‘You’, and ‘Thy’ and ‘Thine’ to ‘Your(s)’, etc.

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Glossary Adh a n: The Islamic call to Prayer.‘A s r: The third of the five daily Prayer services, offered any time between the time when the sun starts declining and sunset.Du‘ a- ul-Qun u t: Arabic name of the special prayer recited in the last Rak‘at of Witr Prayer.Dur u d Shar i f: Also S al a t ‘alan- Nabiyy.Invocation of blessings upon the Holy Prophet of Islam, Muhammad s as.Eid Prayers: Offered on the occa- sion of Eid al-Fitr which occurs upon the end of Ramadan and Eid-ul-Adha two months and ten days later.The time for Eid Prayers is before noon.Like Fri- day Prayer, Eid Prayer is always offered in congregation.No Adh a n or Iq a mah is called for Eid Prayers.Fajr: The first of the five daily Prayer services, offered any time during the period starting from dawn and ending a few minutes before sunrise.Fara’i d : Plural form of Far d.Far d (plural Fara’i d ): Compulsory or obligatory, used when de- scribing categories of Prayers or constituent parts of Prayer.H ajj: Pilgrimage to the Ka‘bah in Makkah, Arabia; also known as the fifth pillar of Islam.Imam: The person who leads a congregational Prayer service.‘Ish a ’: The fifth and last of the five daily Prayer services, offered any time between nightfall and mid- night, or before going to bed.

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70 Maghrib: The fourth of the five daily Prayer services, which can be of- fered any time in the period start- ing from immediately after sunset and ending when there is still some light left on the horizon.Mu’adhdhin: The person who says the Adh a n, or Call to Prayer.Nafl: Supererogatory worship/ prayer.Qa‘dah: Sitting position adopted to- wards the end of the second Rak‘at in Prayer.Qiy a m: The standing position in Prayer.Rak‘at: One complete unit within Prayer, consisting of a number of different postures of the body with corresponding prescribed prayers, words of glorification and praise of God.Rak‘ a t: Plural of Rak‘at.Ruk u ‘: The Bowing down position in Prayer.Sajdah: The position of Prostration in prayer.S al a t-ul-Jumu‘ah: Or Friday Prayer is offered in congregation in place of Z uhr Prayer.It contains a Khut- bah (Sermon) and the four regular Far d rak‘ a t are reduced to two.The recitation of the Quranic verses is aloud.There are two Adh a ns, the first is just like that for Z uhr and the second one is just before the Imam stands to deliver the sermon.S al a t: Prayer in the prescribed form; also known as the second pillar of Islam.Sunnah or Sunnat: One of the types or categories of Prayer; less com- pulsory than a Fard (obligatory) Prayer, but more so than a Nafl (su- pererogatory) one.S u rah: Arabic word for ‘chapter’, and used for designating the chapters of the Holy Quran.Ta‘awwudh: Set words for seeking the protection of God against Sa- tan, recited at the beginning of Prayer.Takb i r: A set formula, recited loudly in order to indicate that a congre- gational Prayer is about to start.

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Glossary 71 Takb i r Ta h rim a h: The Arabic ex- pression Allahu Akbar (God is the Greatest), proclaimed loudly by the Imam while he raises his two hands to his earlobes at the very be- ginning of a congregational Prayer service.Tashahhud: A set prayer recited si- lently at the beginning of the Qa‘dah, or second Sitting position, in Prayer.

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